Bt cotton stopped working because we treated the refuge strategy as a checkbox, not a commitment. The mandated non-Bt cotton refuges were too small, poorly monitored, and often not planted by farmers who were not properly incentivised or educated. The pink bollworm developed resistance quietly in the fields while our reports in Delhi spoke of high adoption rates.
I know this because I sat in meetings where the success was measured by seed sales, not by actual refuge compliance. We saw the maps of adoption, but I never saw a single photo from the ground of a proper, maintained refuge plot.
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