The three methods are product, income, and expenditure, and each must exclude second-hand goods or transfers to avoid double counting. I know this because I wrote it fifty times in my notes under the banyan tree. But every time I read 'value addition,' I see the old kanoe my grandfather built, which my father repairs—its value was counted once, when he sold it new. After that, it's just love and labour, which the national income will never capture.
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